Costa Rica, ruled since the 16th century by Spain, became an independent state in 1838.

• 1948 Disputed elections lead to civil war; ended by Social Democratic Party (later the PLN) forming provisional government under José Ferrer. Army abolished.
• 1949 New constitution promulgated.
• 1987 Central American Peace Plan initiated by President Arias.
• 1998 PUSC returns to power.

From "The Financial Times World Desk Reference" © Dorling Kindersley 2004